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Let’s get back to this week’s thought.

Intro

As some of you may know, I am from Slovenia and Maribor is where I grew up. In today’s article, we’ll go through a recent cyberattack that happened to the University of Maribor.

The goal of the article is to help as many people and organizations to prevent such attacks in the future and also what to do in case you get attacked.

To ensure we’ll get the best insights, I’ve teamed up with Akash Mukherjee. Akash is the author of the book: “The Complete Guide to Defense in Depth: Learn to identify, mitigate, and prevent cyber threats with a dynamic, layered defense approach”

He has broad experience in security, penetration testing and designing secure systems. His recent endeavors include working as a Security Lead for Google and Apple.

Let’s get straight into it!

The cyberattack on the University of Maribor happened last month

Based on 24ur, a local Slovenian news portal, there was a cyberattack last month on the University of Maribor in Slovenia. The result of the attack?

All the websites, data, including the backups and IT systems got encrypted and are no longer available to use. That means that all of the data may not be available to the students or may not even be recovered.

It was a ransomware attack called “babuk ransomware” which was connected with the 2021 attack on Washington’s police department, where a lot of sensitive information was stolen.

Let’s define what exactly ransomware is.

What is ransomware?

Ransomware is a type of malicious software (malware) designed to deny users or organizations access to their computer files by encrypting them and demanding a ransom payment for the decryption key.

This type of cyberattack has become the most prominent in recent years and has affected various of different companies, individuals and also highly critical infrastructures like banks, hospitals and universities.

Did you know there are several types of ransomware available?

Based on Crowdstrike, there are 5 main types of ransomware:

1. Crypto Ransomware or Encryptors

Encryptors are one of the most well-known and damaging variants. This type encrypts the files and data within a system, making the content inaccessible without a decryption key.

2. Lockers

Lockers completely lock you out of your system, so your files and applications are inaccessible. A lock screen displays the ransom demand, possibly with a countdown clock to increase urgency and drive victims to act.

3. Scareware

Scareware is fake software that claims to have detected a virus or other issue on your computer and directs you to pay to resolve the problem. Some types of scareware lock the computer, while others simply flood the screen with pop-up alerts without actually damaging files.

4. Doxware or Leakware

Leakware threatens to distribute sensitive personal or company information online, and many people panic and pay the ransom to prevent private data from falling into the wrong hands or entering the public domain.

5. RaaS (Ransomware as a Service)

Ransomware as a Service (RaaS) refers to malware hosted anonymously by a “professional” hacker that handles all aspects of the attack, from distributing ransomware to collecting payments and restoring access, in return for a cut of the payment.

Now that we defined the attack and what ransomware is + different types, let’s get into how to prevent it! Akash, over to you.

Preventing ransomware

Who’s using paper trail to run organizations today? Nobody!

This increased reliance on digital assets put extra pressure on traditional industries like hospitals, education to proactively protect their data.

The fundamental concept behind ransomware attacks is an attacker holding the only key to your house. They will return the key to you, if you pay them money.

As you visualize this scenario, there are two things you can do,

• Protect the key to your house

• Always keep a copy of the key

In the world of cybersecurity, it’s not much different. Ransomware attacks take advantage of the weaknesses in edge devices to plant malicious software.

The nature of this software is to encrypt everything. Unlike other attacks, here the attacker is not interested in getting your data out.

This characteristic makes ransomware relatively easy to build. No organization is safe from the threat of ransomware, but it’s simple to protect against them. Let’s go over some common defenses:

1. Create Backups

Most ransomware victims are forced to pay because they didn’t have a copy of their critical data. As ransomware became prevalent, having backups is a necessary tool for disaster recovery.

2. Educate Users

The most common way of delivering ransomware is by phishing users. Attackers send emails to target individuals and have their malware delivered into a corporate network.

It’s important to counter attacks with technical controls, but security awareness in internal users remains a central piece of the puzzle.

3. Update Software

In the last couple of years, we have seen increasing supply chain security problems. Malware inserted into the open-source dependencies you use daily has become a common path.

It’s important to keep dependencies up-to-date to avoid having open doors to your castle.

Overall, a solid security posture and resiliency designed into systems are key to avoid any cyberattack including ransomware.

Did you know 50% of ransomware victims who pay the ransom don’t get their data back? So what do you do after getting impacted?

Steps towards remediation from a ransomware attack

There’s a saying in security, nothing is 100% secure. In case you find yourself in a situation where the attacker not only encrypts your data but threatens to leak confidential information (ransomware 2.0), here’s what you need to do:

Identify the attack

Acting under duress can impact negatively. Panicking after getting a ransom note can be devastating, but it’s important to assess the impact of an attack first. Look for the following signs in different components of your network:

• Inability to access the file system

• Unusual activity on compute, e.g. CPU spikes, high network usage

• Unrecognized file formats and extensions

Understanding which part of your system was affected is the first step of remediation.

Isolate

Once you have drawn a clear boundary of impacted systems, it is important to take them out of the network. Don’t power off unless absolutely necessary.

Turning devices off removes the malware trails from volatile memory and can cause difficulty in investigation.

Here are a few things you should do:

• Turn off automatic backups. This will ensure you have backups saved in a pristine state.

• Disconnect the infected machines from the network, wifi or shared drives.

• Notify affected stakeholders about the outage to avoid sending live traffic.

One way to make this better is to design a kill-switch script that takes out parts of systems from the network easily.

Engage experts

Once the attack is isolated, the next step is to start remediation. Engaging experts from inside or outside your organization is important. Below are the three personnel to involve at this point:

• Internal IT/Cybersecurity teams

• External ransomware experts

• Law enforcement agencies

The right experts can sometimes help recover the files and identify the attacker. Useful leads in the investigation will result in faster resolution.

If your organization gets attacked, the instinct might be to pay the ransom to avoid external scrutiny and public embarrassment.

Agencies like the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) strongly advise against that. There’s no guarantee of getting your data back from the attacker even if you pay.

Don’t pay the ransom.

Key takeaways

Gregor here again. Here are the main key takeaways from Akash’s insights:

• Remediating such attacks is never fun, make sure to do whatever you can in order to avoid such attacks.

• Educate all the users and make sure backups are in place. They should be located in different places and preferably both on-site and off-site.

• In case of an attack, panic is the last thing you should do, therefore it’s a lot better to remain calm and try to isolate affected systems.

Last words

Special thanks to Akash for sharing his insights on this very important topic! Make sure to follow him on LinkedIn.

If you’d like to read more about how to prevent or remediate such attacks, I’d recommend checking out his book The Complete Guide to Defense in Depth.

We are not over yet!

I had a great time at the Infoshare conference in Katowice, Poland.

I gave a talk: Stop learning programming languages and start building credibility.

Some key points from the talk:
- If you wish to grow beyond Senior Engineer, focusing on your credibility is a must.
- Focus not only on your skills but also how people perceive you.
- Good credibility can be the reason between 0 and 1000 opportunities.

Also met with Michał Poczwardowski, a fellow newsletter writer. He writes the Perspectiveship newsletter.

Always great meeting fellow writers in real life!

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